위키피디아 영어판 번역 중
| Facebook, Inc. | |
|---|---|
| 형태 | 개인형 |
| 설립 | 메사추세츠 캠브리지 2004년 2월 4일[1] |
| 본사위치 | 팔로 알토, 캘리포니아, 미국 |
| 주요인물 | 설립자and CEO 마크 주커버그 공동설립 and VP of Engineering 더스틴 모스코비츠 COO 세릴 앤드버그 VP Strategy & Business Operations 맷 콜러 공동 설립 크리스 휴즈 |
| 수익 | ▲ 150 million 미국 달러(est.)[2] |
| 고용인력 | 2008년 3월 현재 500 명 [3] |
| 웹사이트 | www.facebook.com |
| 사이트분류 | 소셜 네트워킹 |
| 광고 | 배너광고 |
| 인증 | 요구 |
| 사용가능언어 | 영어, 프랑스어, 독일어, 스펭인어 |
| 개시일 | 2002년 2월 |
| 현재 이용 현황 | 활발 |
Facebook패이스북은 2004년 2월 4일 런칭한 소셜 네트워킹 웹사이트이다. 웹사이트를 소유하고 운영하는 주최는 Facebook, Inc., 으로 이 웹 사이트의 모회사로써 일종의 privately held company.이다. 그러나 웹사이트만큼은 누구나 자유로이 접근하여 예를 들명 학교, 일터 또는 지역별로 쉽게 연결하여 서로 관계를 맺을 수 있는 하나 또는 그 이상의 네트워크를 형성할 수 있도록 개방되어 있다. 사용자는 친구들이 볼 수 있도록 글쓰기를 하며 개인프로파일을 새로꾸며 최근 근황을 친구에게 알린다. 웹사이트의 이름은 대학교에서 학기가 시작할 때 교류를 원할히 하도록 학생들에게 나누어주는 사진앨범에서 따온 것으로 미국의 대학이나 사립학교에서는 새로들어온 학생들이나 교수진과 교직원들에게 패이스북을 나누어준다.
마크 주커버그가 페이스북을 설립했을때는 하바드 대학교를 다니는 학생이었다. 웹사이트의 회원은 처음에는 하바드 재학생에 제한을 두었는데 점차 아이비 리그 대학에 퍼져나갔고 곧 이어 모든 대학생으로 번져갔으며 그 후에는 고등학생들에게 퍼지더니 급기야 13세가 넘는 모든 이에게로 확장되었다.
웹사이트는 현재 69백만명이 전세계에서 활동중에 있다.[4] A알렉사[5]에 따르면 2006년 9월부터 2007년까지 모든 웹사이트를 대상으로 한 순위에서 트래픽 분야에 있어서는 60위에서 7위로 급부상했다고 한다. 사진 업로드 사이트로서로 가장 널리 알려져있어 매일 14백만의 사진이 올라오고 있다. 너무 인기가 좋다보니 개인관심에 치우치고 설립자의 정치관과 검열문제로 인한 짦은 수명에 대해 패이스북을 비판하고 반박하는 소리도 있다. 패이스북은 현재 캐나다[6], 영국[7] 과 호주[8] 등 영어권 나라에서는 최고의 소셜 네트워킹 사이트로서 자리매김하고 있다.
History
Mark Zuckerberg founded "The Facebook" in February 2004 while attending Harvard University.[1] "The" was dropped from its name when the company purchased the facebook.com domain name in 2005.[9] Initially, membership was restricted to students of Harvard College, but by the end of the first month, more than half of the undergraduate population at Harvard were registered on the service.[10] At that time, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website. Facebook soon expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale.[11] This expansion continued in April when it expanded to MIT, Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern University, and all Ivy League schools within two months.[11] At the end of the school year, Zuckerberg and Moskovitz moved to Palo Alto, California with Andrew McCollum, who had a summer internship at Electronic Arts.[11] Facebook's net loss for the 2005 fiscal year was US $3.63 million. [12]
Zuckerberg launched the high school iteration of Facebook on September 2, 2005, calling it the next logical thing to do.[13] Initially, the high school networks required an invitation to join.[13] Within fifteen days, high school networks did not require a password; the only requirement was a Facebook account.[13] By the end of the year, more than 2,000 colleges and over 25,000 high schools throughout seven countries including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom had networks on Facebook.[14][15] Facebook had expanded membership eligibility to employees of ten preselected companies by April 26, 2006, including Amazon.com, Apple Inc., and Microsoft.[16] Facebook finally became open to everyone on September 11, 2006, with the only requirements being a valid email address and a minimum age of 13.[17][18][19]
Funding
Facebook received its first investment of $500,000 in June 2004 from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel in an angel round.[20] This was followed a year later by $12.8 million in venture capital from Accel Partners, and then $25 million more from Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital Partners.[21][22] Microsoft approached Facebook in September 2007, proposing an investment in return for a 5% stake in the company. Microsoft would pay an estimated $300 – $500 million for the share.[23] Microsoft announced on October 24, 2007 that it had bought a 1.6% share of Facebook for $246 million.[24][25][26][27] The blog All Things Digital reported that Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing invested $60 million in Facebook on November 30, 2007.[28]
BusinessWeek reported on March 28, 2006 that a potential acquisition of the website was under negotiation. Facebook reportedly declined an offer of $750 million, and it was rumored that the asking price rose as high as $2 billion.[29] With the sale of social networking website MySpace to News Corp, rumors surfaced about the possible sale of Facebook to a larger media company.[30] Zuckerberg, the owner of Facebook, had already said that he did not want to sell the company and denied rumors to the contrary.[31] In late September, serious talks between Facebook and Yahoo! took place concerning acquisition of the social network, with prices reaching as high as $1 billion.[32] After Google purchased video-sharing website YouTube, rumors circulated that Google had offered $2.3 billion to outbid Yahoo!.[33] Peter Thiel, a board member of Facebook, indicated that Facebook's internal valuation is around $8 billion based on their projected revenues of $1 billion by 2015, comparable to that of Viacom's MTV brand and based on shared target demographic audience.[34] Other companies, including Google, had also expressed interest in buying a portion of Facebook, but an outright sale of Facebook is unlikely according to founder Mark Zuckerberg, as he would like to keep it independent.[35] "We're not really looking to sell the company," says Zuckerberg. "We're not looking to IPO anytime soon. It's just not the core focus of the company."[14]
Website
Facebook users can choose to join one or more networks on the website, such as a school, place of employment, geographic region, or social group.[36] These networks help users to connect with other members of the same network. Users can also add friends to their profile, which allows them to see the profiles of their friends.[37]
The website is free to users and generates revenue from advertising, such as banner ads.[38] Users create profiles that often contain photos and lists of personal interests, exchange private or public messages, and join groups of friends.[39] The viewing of detailed profile data is restricted to users from the same network or confirmed friends. In a 2006 study conducted by Student Monitor, a New Jersey-based limited liability company specializing in research concerning the college student market, Facebook was named as the second most popular thing among undergraduates, tied with beer and sex and only being ranked lower than the iPod.[40]
Microsoft is Facebook's exclusive partner for serving banner advertising.[41] This means that Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsoft's advertisement inventory, which only contains advertisements that have been pre-approved by Microsoft and have an existing agreement established between Microsoft and the advertiser. When compared to other web companies, Facebook collects as much data from its visitors as Google and Microsoft, but considerably less than Yahoo!.[42] The data collected is useful to show more relevant advertisements to website visitors.
Features
When Facebook launched, it included several features that still exist today on the website. They include the Wall, which is a space on each user's profile page that allows friends to post messages for the user to see[43], Pokes, which allows users to send a virtual "poke" to each other,[44] Photos, where users can upload albums and photos,[45] and status, which allows users to inform their friends of their current whereabouts and actions.[46]
The Facebook Wall allows users to post messages on the profile of their friends.[47] A user's wall, dependent on privacy settings, is visible to anyone who is able to see that user's profile. In July 2007, Facebook began allowing users to post attachments to the wall, whereas the wall was previously limited to textual content only.[48]
Over time, Facebook has added several new features to its website. on September 6, 2006, a News Feed was announced, which appears on every user's homepage and highlights information including profile changes, upcoming events, and birthdays, related to the user's friends.[49] Initially, the News Feed caused some dissatisfaction among Facebook users: some complained that the News Feed was too cluttered and was full of undesired information, while others were concerned that the News Feed made it too easy for other people to track down individual activities (like changes in relationship status, events, and conversations with other users).[50] In response to this dissatisfaction, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, issued an apology for the site's failure to include appropriate customizable privacy features.[51] Since then, users have been able to control what types of information are shared automatically with friends.[51] Users are now able to prevent friends from seeing updates about different types of activities, including profile changes, wall posts, and newly added friends.[51]
One of the most popular applications on Facebook is the Photos application, where users can upload albums and photos.[52] Facebook allows users to upload an unlimited number of photos, compared to other image hosting services, such as Photobucket and Flickr, which apply limits to the number of photos that a user is allowed to upload. However, users are limited to uploading up to 60 photos per album. Privacy settings can be set for each individual album, limiting the groups of users that can see an album. For example, the privacy of an album can be set so that only the user's friends can see the album, while the privacy of another album can be set so that all Facebook users can see it. Another feature of the Photos applications is the ability to "tag" users in a photo. For instance, if a photo contains a user's friend, then the user can tag the friend in the photo. This sends a notification to the friend that they have been tagged, and provides them a link to see the photo.[53]
Facebook introduced Facebook Notes on August 22, 2006, a blogging feature with tagging, embedded images, and other features; it then began allowing the importation of blogs from Xanga, LiveJournal, Blogger, and other blogging services. This newly added feature also included the common blog feature of allowing readers to comment on other users' entries.[54]
Facebook launched Gifts on February 8, 2007, which allowed users to send virtual gifts to their friends and appeared on the recipient's profile. The gifts cost US$1.00 each to purchase, and a personalized message can be attached to each gift.[55][56] on May 14, 2007, Facebook launched the Marketplace application, allowing users to post free classified ads on the website.[57] The Marketplace has been compared to Craigslist by CNET, which points out that the major difference between the two online services is that listings posted by a user on Facebook Marketplace are only seen by users that are in the same network as that user, whereas listings posted on Craigslist can be seen by anyone online.[58]
Facebook announced on May 10, 2007 a plan to add free classified advertisements to its website, making it a competitor with established online companies such as Craigslist.[59] This feature, known as Facebook Marketplace, went live a few days later.
During the week of April 7, 2008, Facebook began releasing a Chat feature to a limited amount its networks.[60] This new component of the website is not an application, but instead is integrated directly into the user's browser as the user browses the Facebook website.[61] The feature allows users to Instant Message their friends, much in the way Google Talk or AOL Instant Messanger works.
Platform
Facebook launched the Facebook Platform on May 24, 2007, providing a framework for software developers to create applications that interact with core Facebook features.[62][63][63] A markup language was also introduced, called Facebook markup language, which was used primarily to customize the "look and feel" of applications that developers created. This enabled Facebook itself to launch several new applications that tightly integrated with the Facebook system.[62][63] These include the Gifts application, which allows users to send virtual gifts to each other, the Marketplace, allowing users to post free classified ads, Events, which gives users a method of informing their friends about upcoming events, and Video, an application that allows users to share homemade videos with one another.[64][65][66]
Applications that have been created include chess and Scrabble, which allow users to play games against their friends.[67][68] The games played are asynchronous, meaning that when a user makes a move in a game, it is saved on the server, allowing the next move to be made at any time in the future rather than immediately after the previous move.[69] Within a few months of launching the Facebook Platform, issues arose regarding "application spam", which involves Facebook applications "spamming" users to request that the application be installed.[70] Application spam has been considered one of the possible causes to the drop in visitors to Facebook starting from the beginning of 2008, when the website's growth had fallen from December 2007 to January 2008, its first drop since the website first launched.[71]
Controversy
Due to the website's popularity, it has been involved in some controversy since it was founded. In October 2005, the University of New Mexico blocked access to Facebook from its campus computers and networks.[72] It cited a violation of the university's Acceptable Use Policy for abusing computer resources as the reason, stating that the website forces use of the university's credentials for non-university business. They later unblocked Facebook after the website rectified the situation.[73] The Ontario government also blocked access to Facebook for its employees in May 2007, stating that the website is "not directly related to the workplace" so they were "restricting access to it".[74]
A notable ancillary effect of social networking websites like Facebook is the ability for participants to mourn publicly for a deceased individual. on January 1, 2008, a memorial group on Facebook posted the identity of murdered Toronto teenager Stefanie Rengel, whose family had not yet given the Toronto Police Service their consent to release her name to the media.[75] While police and Facebook staff attempted to comply with the privacy regulations by deleting such posts, they noted that it was difficult to effectively police the individual users who repeatedly republished the deleted information.[76]
Facebook is often compared to MySpace by the media, such as The New York Times, but one significant difference between the two websites is the level of customization.[77] MySpace allows users to decorate their profiles using HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) while Facebook only allows plain text.[78] However, a number of users have customized their profiles by using hacks. For example, on February 24, 2006, users exploited a cross-site scripting vulnerability on a profile page and created a fast-spreading worm, which loaded a custom CSS file on infected profiles that made them look like MySpace profiles.[79]
Due to the open nature of Facebook, several countries have banned access to it, including Syria, Burma, Bhutan, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Iran.[80][81] The Syrian government cited that the ban was on the premise that the website promoted attacks on the authorities.[80][82][83] The Syrian government also feared Israeli infiltration of Syrian social networks on the website. Facebook was used as a tool to criticize the Syrian government by its citizens, and public criticism of the Syrian government is punishable by imprisonment.[80] In the UAE, Facebook was banned because the website was considered to assist in online dating, which was banned under the government's new internet policy.[81] In Iran, Facebook was banned because of fears of opposition movements organizing using the website.[83]
Beacon
Facebook announced Facebook Beacon on November 7, 2007, a marketing initiative which includes a system for websites to allow users to share chosen information about their activities on these websites with their Facebook friends.[84] With respect to privacy, Facebook states that "no personally identifiable information is shared with an advertiser in creating a Social Ad," and that "Facebook users will only see Social Ads to the extent their friends are sharing information with them".[85] After Facebook was criticized for collecting more information on users for advertisers than was previously stated, Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized for the way that Facebook launched the Beacon system, saying "The problem with our initial approach of making it an opt-out system instead of opt-in was that if someone forgot to decline to share something, Beacon still went ahead and shared it with their friends."[86][87][88]
ConnectU
Divya Narendra, Cameron Winklevoss, and Tyler Winklevoss, the owners of the social networking website HarvardConnection, changed its name to ConnectU in September 2004 and filed a lawsuit against Facebook, alleging that Zuckerberg had illegally used source code intended for the website they asked him to build for them.[89][90] Facebook later requested that the court case that ConnectU filed against Facebook be dismissed, citing that ConnectU's "broad brush allegations are unsupported by evidence." The case was dismissed by a Boston district judge.[91] ConnectU then filed another lawsuit against Facebook on March 11, 2008, continuing the case.[92]
Privacy
There have been concerns expressed regarding the use of Facebook as a means of surveillance and data mining.[93] Theories have been written about the possible misuse of Facebook, and privacy proponents have criticized the site's current privacy agreement.[94] The policy states "We may use information about you that we collect from other sources, including but not limited to newspapers and Internet sources such as blogs, instant messaging services and other users of Facebook, to supplement your profile." Facebook has assured users that the next privacy policy will not include the clause about information collection, and has denied that any data mining is being done "for the CIA or any other group."[95] However, the possibility of data mining by private individuals unaffiliated with Facebook remains open, as evidenced by the fact that two MIT students were able to download over 70,000 Facebook profiles from four schools (MIT, NYU, the University of Oklahoma, and Harvard) using an automated script, as part of a research project on Facebook privacy published on December 14, 2005.[96] A second clause that received criticism regards Facebook's right to sell users' data to private companies, stating "We may share your information with third parties, including responsible companies with which we have a relationship." This concern has also been addressed by spokesman Chris Hughes who said "Simply put, we have never provided our users' information to third party companies, nor do we intend to."[97]
Concerns have been raised regarding the difficulty of deleting user accounts on the website. Previously, Facebook only allowed users to "deactivate" their accounts. This meant that their profile was no longer visible on the website, but any information that the user had entered into the website and on their profile still existed on the website's servers. This had concerned users who wished to permanently remove their account, citing reasons such as an overly embarrassing profile that may affect a future employer's decision in whether or not to hire someone based on what a user's online profile reveals.[98] As of February 29, 2008, Facebook has changed its account deletion policies, allowing users to contact Facebook directly to request that a user account be permanently deleted from the website.[99]
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